The 53230A is a very nice and capable instrument, but it does have some peculiarities that should be taken into account when using it for precise frequency counting.
It is reasonably well known that the counter does not produce frequency estimates that yields a true ADEV in its documented gap free CONTinous
mode[1]. There exists an undocumented mode, RCON
, that does give the correct ADEV, also gap free[2].
What may be less well known is that there exists a systematic bias in the first frequency estimate returned following an INIT
. This may not sound like a big deal, but it can easily be.
There's a couple of ways to correctly retrieve gap free measurements from the 53230A; either using FETCh
, DATA:REMove
, R
or READ
. The required number of samples must be configured with a combination of SAMPle:COUNt
and/or TRIGger:COUNt
, for a total number of measurements returned = Sample Count x Trigger Count.
Note that READ
is equivalent to INIT;FETCH
- every call to READ
implicitly calls INIT
. If READ
is to be used to return a time series of unbiased frequency measurements, all readings must be retrieved with a single call to READ
.
It is entirely reasonable to retrieve a time series of single frequency estimates by using multiple calls to READ
, and it is easy to imagine legacy scripts doing precisely this[3]. However, this will give biased results, as shown below.
Using repeated calls to READ
in order to retrieve a time series in fact has a few issues:
RCON
mode, so the measurements will not yield the correct ADEV.
The magnitude of the bias is highly dependant on the gate time and measurement mode.
A stable 10MHz signal derived from the Active Hydrogen maser as shown on the right was applied to External Reference Input and Channel 1 input on the Keysight 53230A. Auto-calibration was executed once prior to starting the data collection.
Channel 1 input was configured with AC coupling, 50 Ohm input impedance, and trigger level set automatically with INPut1:LEVel:AUTO ONCE
. With the exception of gate time and frequency measurement mode, the settings was not changed during the measurements.
The 53230A was configured to capture 10 gap-free measurements on each trigger, in CONT
and RCON mode
respectively. Data was fetched in 15-digit ASCII-format using READ
by a custom software program[4], and repeated 1000 times. For each READ
, 10 measurements was collected. The data was arranged in a matrix, each row corresponding to a single trigger. Each column was averaged, and the resulting fractional frequency deviation plotted[5].
The results are shown below. Gate time and measurement mode is shown.
The measurements was run several times, with 1000-3000 repetitions, and the results were highly repeatable. The test was also run reading the measurements in 64-bit binary format. Measurement mode RECIProcal
also show biased estimates. 5 MHz REF and DUT was tested. Datafiles for these tests are available upon request. The tests shown here was run on both firmware version 2.05 and 2.07 of the counter, with similar results. Other firmware-versions have not been tested.
To illustrate the issue, a measurement of 1 hour was run using TimeLab v1.29b, which uses repeated calls to READ
to get measurements. The counter was configured as follows, all other settings left as default:
:INP:IMP +5.00000000E+001; :INP:LEV:AUTO ONCE; :FREQ:MODE RCON; :FREQ:GATE:TIME 0.1
The blue plot shows 1hr/36000 samples collected using repeated READ
s. The pink plot shows 1hr/36000 samples collected using a custom script with a single call to INIT
followed by repeated calls to FETCH
. The data was then loaded into TimeLab for the comparison.
The frequency offset in the biased data is obvious in both the frequency and phase plots, and at -5.2E-10 agrees fairly well with the measurements above. The unbiased data has the expected offset near 0.
The ADEV plot for the biased data shows a slope of Tau-1/2, an indication that the measurements are not dominated by white phase noise as would be expected. The residual phase plot confirms random walk noise. The unbiased data shows the expected Tau-1 slope.
Finally, this test is a little "artificial". The signal measured is phase coherent with the reference signal, and the interpolators will only be used over a very narrow range. A more "real world-like" scenario is tested in part 2. Spoiler alert - the bias does not go away.
It should be stated that I have not had the opportunity to run these tests on another example of the 53230A - it is possible that the anomaly is somehow a defect in my personal counter. See part 3 where the bias is confirmed on other 53230a's.
The unprocessed datafiles and .TIM-files used to produce these plots are available here
In conclusion, pay close attention to how frequency measurements are retrieved from the instruments, or you may be looking at biased data. Simply plugging the 53230A into an existing framework of scripts may not produce the results expected.
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